![]() ![]() The availability of preventive acaricidal preparations for zoo animals effective against I. Antisera reactions occur in domestic animals, so animals should be premedicated with a combination of corticosteroids, atropine and/or adrenaline to reduce the risk of such reactions. Live ticks should be removed, and antiserum should be administered as early as possible in the course of the disease to reduce the risk of fatality and minimize the recovery time. Affected animals are treated with antiserum-containing, concentrated gamma globulins prepared by hyperimmunizing dogs. In the affected zoo animals neuromuscular weakness has been the predominant feature of toxicity, but despite this, cardiopulmonary function should be assessed in every case. The toxin causes a progressive paralysis which may be fatal and in domestic dogs is usually accompanied by cardiopulmonary dysfunction and esophageal weakness or paralysis. Tick toxicity caused by the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, which occurs along a coastal band of eastern Australia is reported in several exotic and native species held at Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia.
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